If a considerable amount of time passes and you still haven’t made student loan payments, here’s what could happen.

• Withheld tax refund. The government could withhold your refunds and apply it to your student loan debt until you’re current on payments.

• Wage garnishment. Your lender might attempt to garnish your wages and apply them to your outstanding balance — sometimes up to as much as 25 percent of your disposable income. It can do this until your loans are in good standing.

If you’re struggling to repay your student loans, different repayment and forgiveness plans can help you keep your loans current without breaking the bank. Consider all of your options before choosing the best plan for your needs.

If you’re struggling to repay your student loans, you can enroll your federal loans into an income-driven repayment (IDR) plan. A few different repayment options exist, so pick the one that meets your needs the best.

Defaulted loans are generally not directly eligible for IDR plans, though as of 2024, you can enroll defaulted loans in the income-based repayment plan. For the other plans, you must first get out of default by rehabilitating or consolidating your loan. You can apply for consolidation through studentaid.gov.

With each plan, you’ll make monthly payments based on your discretionary income and family size. After 20 or 25 years, depending on the plan, the remaining balance on your loans is forgiven. You’ll need to update your information every year so your payments accurately reflect your financial situation.

Public Service Loan Forgiveness is available for federal student loan borrowers seeking a public service career. Your remaining debt is forgiven after 10 years of making payments on an income-driven repayment plan and working for an eligible employer. You’ll likely need to get your loan out of default and on an IDR plan to be eligible.

You might want to consider a different approach if you have a mix of federal and private student loans or many different loans. Debt elimination plans, like the debt snowball or debt avalanche, might help you chip away at your student loan debt faster.

With both debt elimination methods, you list each debt, including the total amount you owe, your monthly payment, the interest rate and the due date. Next, make minimum payments on all your loans.

Here’s where the strategies start to differ.

• For the snowball method, apply every spare dollar toward the debt with the lowest balance.

• For the debt avalanche method, put every spare dollar toward the debt with the highest interest rate.

Repeat your chosen action until you pay off the first debt on your list. Then, move on to the next-smallest debt (or the one with the next-highest interest rate) and repeat the process until all of your student loans are paid in full.

If you have high interest rates or many different student loans, you might want to consider refinancing. Refinancing is the process of taking out a new loan to pay off all of your current student loans. You’ll get new repayment terms and a new interest rate, then make one monthly payment to your refinanced loan until it’s paid in full.

You can only refinance your loans with private lenders, so proceed cautiously. Refinancing federal loans means you’ll lose certain benefits, like forbearance, forgiveness or the option to enroll in an income-driven repayment plan. But if you have great credit and can get a lower interest rate than what you’re paying now, refinancing might make sense in certain situations.

It also might be difficult to get approved for refinancing if you have a loan default on your records, as this means you’re a higher-risk borrower. Adding a cosigner may help in this case.

Student loan settlement happens when you settle your student loans for less than what you owe. This option might benefit you if you’re far behind on your student loans and your credit score has already suffered, since it can negatively impact your score.

You’ll need a lump-sum amount to pay off the outstanding settled balance, and lenders aren’t required to settle. Yet some lenders are willing to consider settling for less if it helps them collect a significant portion of your unpaid debt.

The U.S. Bankruptcy Code allows student loans to be discharged if borrowers demonstrate that not doing so will be an “undue hardship.” However, proving an undue hardship is difficult. Borrowers must meet the three guidelines of undue hardship, which is called the Brunner test:

• You can prove that if forced to repay the loan, you could not maintain a minimal standard of living.

• You demonstrate that the hardship will continue for much of your loan repayment period.

• You made good-faith efforts to repay the loan before you filed for bankruptcy.

However, you should realize that it will be an uphill battle to prove that repaying your student loans will impose an undue hardship on you.

Not paying back your student loans can cause catastrophic results for your finances, your credit and your future borrowing prospects, so do your best to stay current on your loans.

If you’re struggling, you aren’t alone. A 2024 Bankrate pre-election survey found that 29 percent of Americans consider student loan debt a national crisis. To protect your finances, look into federal forgiveness and refund options, find a repayment plan that works for you or refinance your loans. Not paying back your student loans will hurt you for years to come, so the best course of action should be the one that gets you back on track.

• Do student loans go away after seven years?

  While negative information about your student loans may disappear from your credit reports after seven years, the student loans will remain on your credit reports — and in your life — until you pay them off. You will need to rehabilitate, consolidate or refinance your loan and agree to a repayment plan.

• Can your home or car be taken away if you don’t pay your student loans?

  Student loans are a form of unsecured debt not backed by collateral. So, your home or car cannot be seized if you fail to make payments. If you have private student loans, your assets could be at risk if the lender sues you in court and the judge rules in favor of them taking your assets to recoup what’s owed. The federal government has also been known to put liens on homes after student loan borrowers could not pay.

• Do mortgage lenders look at your student loan payments?

  Yes, mortgage lenders review your student loan payment history when you apply for a home loan. It’s a part of their review of your credit profile and could influence the lender’s decision.

• I haven’t paid my student loan in years — what should I do?

  Your first step is to get your loan out of default status. You can do this by either rehabilitating your loans through your loan holder or applying for debt consolidation through studentaid.gov. Also, you could refinance a loan with a cosigner if you want to go the private route. You can find out who your loan servicer is by logging into your FSA ID account.